Research

As my idea is to do a news broadcast I now need to use research to develop this idea further, and understand the codes and conventions of a news broadcast. I also need to research into what exactly I want my news broadcast to cover.

As the news is about reporting on current affairs my topic needs to be something very relevant today. For this I am going to need to research current big news stories. For this I visited the BBC News website - a site which I use frequently to read about current affairs.

One of the major stories that is dominating the headlines is Brexit and in particular the effects of a no-deal Brexit. Here is an example of one of the articles that I found on the BBC News website. The article went on to describe the potential effects of a no deal Brexit according to internal government documents that highlighted the worst case scenario of this situation named 'Operation Yellowhammer'. In particular it focused on the effect of agriculture in Northern Ireland (Macauley, 2019). 

This article is based around qualitative data, as it gives the opinions of different political figures on the potential effects of a no deal Brexit. For example, it gives people's opinions on what might happen, for example Derek Williamson who leads Brexit contingency planning for the department of Agriculture and Rural affairs said he hopes that the outcome would not be as "grim" as the documents suggest. It doesn't feature any quantitive data, which might be a problem if I want to do a news broadcast as I have noticed from watching the news on many occasions that a common theme in news stories is facts and statistics.

The source is reliable, as the potential effects of a no deal Brexit have been published by the government in Operation Yellowhammer documents - so this information won't suddenly change. Furthermore the potential effects of a no deal Brexit as outlined in this article have been repeated on many different news networks and platforms such as the Guardian and ITV News. The source is also valid which is important for creating news broadcasts, as it's measuring what it's supposed to measure which is the DAERA's response to the Operation Yellowhammer warning - as clearly outlined in the title. It's important to ensure the sources I use are reliable and valid, as I don't want to be giving inaccurate information to the audience for my news broadcast.

As a young person interested in politics the topic of Brexit is one in which I am very interested, and the effects it could have on our lives.

The problem with this story (effects of a no deal-brexit) is by the time I come to film this in a couple of weeks the story may longer not be very relevant - a lot happens in politics in a couple of weeks. Therefore I need to pick a topic that will stay relevant for a long time - it needs a 'long shelf-life'.

Another article that I found on the BBC news website was an article about how many people in the UK are hooked on prescription drugs (Triggle, 2019). This article is based around published statistics, so is very much based around quantitive data. As I have watched lots of news broadcasts I have found out that statistics play an important part in news stories. In fact further down in the blog I mention how facts and statistics are one of the common codes and conventions of a news broadcast. Therefore this would make a great story as I would have plenty of statistics such as "there were 1.2 million people on them [opioids] for at least a year - 540,000 of whom had been taking them for at least three years - was extremely worrying, Public Health England said.". There is also some qualitative data as we hear about how health chiefs fear "hundreds of thousands of people in England are getting hooked on prescription drugs" - so I could incorporate their opinion into my news broadcasts again as I have found out further in the blog another common code and convention.

This source is certainly reliable as these are published statistics by Public Health England (a government agency) and these will not change - therefore this is repeatable data. The source is also valid as this article talks about how many people in the UK are hooked on prescription drugs - which is clearly indicated in the article's title "Too many hooked on prescription drugs" - therefore this article measures what it is supposed to. Giving accurate information will be vital for my news broadcast so it's important that I take all necessary steps to ensure that the sources I use are reliable and valid.

This is a news story that will stay very relevant for a lot longer than the Brexit story, and the mis-use of drugs is a story that I am very much interested in. The findings in the article were truly shocking, for example "It found that at the end of March 2018 half of people using these drugs [strong painkillers, antidepressants and sleeping tablets] had been on them for at least 12 months."(Triggle, 2019) I think this would make a really gripping story to be a headline on the news. Another shocking fact found was  "there were 1.2 million people on them [opioids] for at least a year - 540,000 of whom had been taking them for at least three years - was extremely worrying, Public Health England said."

Also this story would give me the perfect opportunity to invite a guest onto the news broadcast (interviews are a very common theme as I have found from research) and interview them about this drug epidemic. For example I could ask someone to act as a chief health correspondent for the news show and ask them more about this shocking story. They could then also include some statistics in their interview - I found further on in my research that using statistics is a common practice in news broadcasts.

Another reason why I thought this would be a really good main news story for my broadcast is because when I was researching into broadcast news I came across this book called: 'Broadcast News Writing, Reporting and Producing' in which it said "Health and medical subjects rank high in interest among radio and TV audiences for obvious reasons - we all want to remain healthy " (Barnas and White, 2013). It's vital that I have an interesting story for my audience and this book has definitely helped confirm to me that this is the one.

As the author is expressing his view in the book that "health and medical subjects rank high in interest among radio and TV audiences " this information is qualitative, - he hasn't used figures and facts (quantitive information) to back up this claim which would have been useful. However I do believe the information that I got from this book regarding health stories being popular is reliable because if you watch the news you very frequently hear health stories being in the main headlines. Health stories are repeatedly used in the news such as the prescription drug story on the BBC news website and therefore this information from the book is reliable. Proving the validity of this source is difficult as the author has included no facts and statistics to back these claims up therefore one could conclude thats it hard to prove that health stories being popular is true as the author has given nothing for us to measure this. However I do believe overall his opinion is correct as like I have said I frequently see medical stories being featured on the news.

As you can see in the ITV News broadcast (ITV NEWS, 2019) further below, when they read the headlines, they read more than one so I am going to ensure that I do this as well to make my multi-camera news broadcast look professional. Therefore I will read 4 different headlines - this was the amount that this news presenter did on this broadcast and I have seen roughly this amount of headlines read out on other news networks such as the BBC.

So now I need to think of 3 other headlines. I have decided that I will only report on my main headline and carry out an interview (the prescriptions drugs one) as this will already be a lot of work as I am using multiple camera's and my tutors have advised us to be realistic of what we can achieve in a relatively short space of time. Furthermore I want to ensure I focus on quality rather than quantity.

The three other headlines also need to have a long shelf life just like my main headline so they are still relevant when this piece is finally produced and released.

I have decided to look at the BBC News website again to find other major news stories that will stay relevant for a long time unlike politics that constantly changes - here are 3 of some of the biggest stories:

• Universities 'failing' victims of sexual misconduct: Dozens of students who reported sexual assaults to their university have said they were failed by complaints processes that left them traumatised. (Lee and West, 2019)
• Stalking victims to be allowed to challenge sentences: Victims of stalking, harassment and sex crimes will be able to challenge sentences they think are too lenient, under an expansion of a government scheme in England and Wales. (BBC News, 2019)
• Faster pace of climate change is 'scary', former chief scientist says: Extreme events linked to climate change, such as the heatwave in Europe this year, are occurring sooner than expected, an ex-chief scientist says. (Harrabin, 2019)

I have ensured the three other stories that I have picked as headlines are varied just like the example below as they are usually varied on tv news broadcasts.  For example I have picked different categories of news stories from education to environmental stories.

(ITV NEWS, 2019)

Common codes and conventions of  TV News broadcasts:


The following sources below are from power points I have found online in which people have analysed BBC News broadcasts and written about common codes and conventions. The reason why I am focusing on analysing BBC News broadcasts is because this is a very famous news network that I recently watched and want to try and recreate. Also I want to try and attract a similar audience to the BBC. Further on in my blog I go into detail about my target audience and my action plan to try and achieve attracting them.

This information is qualitative as the information that I found is analysing people's behaviour and attributes. This is exactly the information I need as it helps me really focus on specific codes and conventions of tv news broadcasts. One of the bits of analysis which is very useful from one of the authors of the presentations (Roen, 2013) is that he says news broadcasts commonly feature "direct address to the camera, in the centre of the frame". This is useful to know as this analysis will help me ensure my news broadcast follows these common codes and conventions. The information is reliable because as you can see I have included analysis of two different newsreaders, and both feature very close similarities such as the camera shots are both medium-close ups, both are wearing smart clothes such as a suit therefore the analysis I have found is repeatable across numerous different news broadcasts and is reliable. The information is also valid because the presentations that I got the information from are doing what they said they would which is analysing common codes and conventions of news broadcasts in particular BBC News.

These points are also very relevant to Stuart Hall's reception theory (The producer encodes messages and values into their media which are then decoded by the audience). I can imply messages such  as professionalism and importance - through ensuring I wear smart clothes for example which I have found out is a common code and convention of news broadcasts.

• Medium close up shot - one of the main shots used for a TV News broadcast is a medium close up of the presenter. It is used when the main presenter is directly addressing the camera, e.g. when they are reading the headlines or introducing a new story or giving information on a subject. (Roen, 2013)

• Interviews with experts - news broadcasts often show interviews with experts based on different topics that are being covered or special guests such as MPs. Experts are used to add information and  substance for stories (Roen, 2013)
• Graphics - news shows use graphics to show facts and statistics to support a story. These are also used to simplify what the news presenter is talking about and the most important facts will appear on screen. Graphics are also used on opening sequences before the news for example the BBC News 60 Second Countdown. (Roen, 2013)
• News package - A single news feature linked from the news studio. These are pre-recorded and edited together beforehand (Adam, 2016)
• Studio set - will usually have a table or desk and seats or a sofa (Adam, 2016)
• Visual codes - it is vital that a news presenter looks authoritative and trustworthy (Adam, 2016)

• Mode of address (Adam, 2016)
• Direct address straight at viewers down the camera
• Use personal pronouns - e.g. 'Thank you for watching'
• Very clear, smooth, fluent and articulate dictation
• Title sequences e.g. BBC News 60 Second countdown - capture fast moving pace of news. The music ads to brand identity.
• News presenters announce top stories at the beginning of the programme.
• Interviewees generally look off camera to reporters.
• The use of present tense creates a sense of urgency
• Active voice to add drama. For example emphasis on words and pauses.
• Use of statistics, facts and experts opinions

These points are also very relevant to Stuart Hall's reception theory (The producer encodes messages and values into their media which are then decoded by the audience). If I can imply messages such  as professionalism and importance (important aspects of the news) - through ensuring I wear smart clothes and directly addressing the camera then my piece will look like a real professional news broadcast that will appeal to my target audience which I go into detail further on in the blog.

The above points are made up of other people's analysis and some of mine. I got most of my analysis notes from watching these two examples of News broadcasts below. The first one being BBC News which is very relevant as I want to attract the same audience as the BBC.

 (Broadcast Mirror, 2017)

                                                                            (ITV NEWS, 2019)

Another thing that I noticed by watching both of these broadcasts, was that the BBC News voice had more of a warm tone compared to the ITV news broadcast voice. Therefore if I go for a BBC News style broadcast and want to attract their audience, it will be important that I edit the voices and give them a warm tone in my news broadcast using audio tools in Premiere Pro

One of my assets are going to include text that will appear under my interviewee's name when she begins to speak (Molly Cross). Just like they use in BBC News Broadcasts:

As I have found out from research, interviews are a very important and common code and convention of a TV News broadcast therefore I conducted more research into them and found out about two-way interviews.

Interviews on TV News Broadcasts  (GCSE JOURNALISM IN THE MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY, 2019)

Interviews on news broadcasts are usually two-way interviews. Two-way interviews are when a news reader or presenter interviews a contributor, reporter or correspondent, who is sometimes in the studio or may be in another location. They can be an effective way to explain complicated issues in a simple, informal manner, provide expert analysis and allow different views to be aired. They are usually pre-scripted to some extent, for example with the reporter supplying key questions for the presenter. However, it is a flexible format and should be as close to a natural conversation as possible.

When I prepare my script I am going to ensure that my interview with my guest (chief health corespondent) is pre-scripted, and ensure they know exactly the questions that I am going to ask and even write a response for them to ensure the interview runs smoothly. To ensure that the interview is as close to a natural conversation as possible I am going to need to ensure that I practice along with my interviewee enough times to ensure it sounds professional.


Analysing examples - my presentation style

To ensure that I make my news broadcast look professional I need to analyse examples of real news broadcasts, to learn some of the techniques and different camera shots used.

Notes that I have taken from watching these news broadcasts:

• Tracking shot at the intro of the BBC News broadcast - I could hire a slider from Springboard TV to achieve this shot.
• Direct address to the camera
• In the BBC News broadcast you can see the other camera's - this gives it a real studio live environment - I will ensure that I do this as I really like this effect.
• Both news broadcasts (ITV and BBC end on a long shot of the studio and news desk) - to do this I am going to use a dolly and gradually pull back from the news desk to a long shot of the studio.
• Both newsreaders shuffle their papers during the opening of the news.
• Both newsreaders move their head as they are talking - this helps emphasise important information of the news stories they are covering. I will ensure that I do this in my news broadcast.
• Speak clearly and also relatively slowly to ensure the viewers can understand exactly what the newsreaders are saying.

Target audience

Its important that I now come up with a target audience to help shape my research and develop my news broadcast idea further. Below I go into detail about my target audience and how its been influenced by the audience BBC News attracts.

The information that I have found for my target audience is a mix of qualitative and quantitive data. Some of the qualitative data for example is my target audience have a "highly motivated" attitude and personality. They also have a "global outlook". This qualitative data is very useful as it allows me to adapt my news broadcast to suit my target audience - I have clearly stated my action plan for doing this. Furthermore my target audience research also features quantitive data such the age of my target audience being in their "late 50's to early 60's". I have backed up all of my research with a bibliography to show where I have sourced my information. My sources are reliable as much of the information I have got is from published reports such as from Ofcom. As this information has been published in reports it therefore won't change and can be repeatedly used. Furthermore my sources are valid - for example the report that looked into the average of BBC 1 viewers (which is 61 as by found by Ofcom) did what it said it would do and found the average age was 61. It also backed this information up with lots of research - you can find the full report in the bibliography section at the bottom of the page.

Finding information such as how BBC News audiences are typically 'upmarket' as found by the author of the Ofcom report is very useful as, even though I thought this in the first place it's important to have a second opinion to back up your research.

As I have mentioned my target audience like to be informed - therefore a news broadcast would be the perfect opportunity to inform them. In fact the uses and gratification theory explains how some audiences consume media texts to become more educated and informed about what's happening in the world and news programmes are a perfect example of this.

To be entirely sure that my topic was suitable for my target audience I carried out a survey amongst a range of my family and my parents’ friends (a total of 15 people who are in the target audience) to supplement my secondary research. I asked them 2 questions:

1.What is the most frequent way in which you find out about the news

2.What subjects of news are you most interested in?

The charts below shows the  results of these questions.

In terms of the most frequent news my survey confirmed that TV news is the most common way that people get their news – which supports my choice of making a video news programme if I want to reach my target audience. It also showed that online is the second most popular – which has made me decide to point to a website at the end of my bulletin for those who want more details and want to keep up to date.

In terms of the subjects that I cover health was the most popular – again this confirms what I found in my secondary research. I will be making health a key part of my news broadcast.

In terms of the subjects that I cover health was the most popular – again this confirms what I found in my secondary research. I will be making health a key part of my news broadcast.

The survey I carried out was quantitative research as I was using figures from a survey amongst a wide range of people to supplement my research. My source of information was reliable because it's based on survey questions that someone else could repeat to check. Also it echoed what I had found out in my secondary research.  My source of information is valid because it measures what I set out it to measure, however to improve the validity in the future I would want to carry out the survey among a larger, more representative sample.

Opening sequences and graphics

All of my opening sequences that I have researched are reliable sources of information (qualitative sources)  because they are repeatedly used before main news broadcasts such as the BBC News opening sequence. They are also valid because they do what they are supposed to which is introduce the news broadcast.

One of my ideas for my opening sequence was to create a graphic-based opening sequence similar to the one BBC News use. As my target audience is very similar to  the audience BBC News attracts - this opening sequence would work well as this is what they use:


(BBC NEWS, 2009)

I could create something similar to this by using and working with layers on Premiere Pro.

In terms of the colour of the graphics many news intro seem to use graphics that are red. To me the colour red stands out and emphasises something of importance - which is exactly what breaking news is. You can see on the opening sequence above that the graphics are red and that the BBC News Logo has a red background. Whatever form my News opening sequence takes I will ensure I incorporate some red graphics into it.

The BBC has their own typeface called 'Reith' (BBC, 2019)  - again as I want my target audience to be very similar to the audience BBC News attracts I want my typeface to look as close as possible to theirs. Although I can't use their typeface on Programmes such as Premiere Pro and Photoshop, when creating my opening sequence I will try and look for one very similar.

As you can see just like the BBC News opening intro, this news intro also uses red graphics.



(Lingen, 2014)

Just like the BBC News logo, the Sky News Logo also has a red background to it. I will ensure my graphics and logo for my News broadcast will incorporate the colour red.

(Sky News, 2019)

(BBC News, 2019)

Another Idea I had for opening sequence was a sequence that is made up of many news event images e.g. political events, wars etc. which then merge together to symbolise all of the events that happen in the world. I plan that it would be very similar to this one from the ITV Current affairs show: 'On Assignment'


(Delicious Digital, 2016)

Again, just like I have said previously I could create this using layers on Premiere Pro. Int terms of sound the individual sounds of the photos coming down and locking onto the globe - I could create this using the Zoom H4n recorders and using foley. One of the main elements of this soundtrack is made up bass and some drums - this to me symbolises importance of the current affairs.


This is one of my favourite ideas: One of the things I have noticed from watching TV News broadcasts is that many of them have an opening sequence. One of the most famous opening sequences that I have seen is the BBC 60 second countdown to the news. Here it is below:

(IdentArchive, 2012)

As I want my news broadcast to seem professional and also as my target audience is very similar to the audience BBC News attracts - I have decided that I am going to create a similar opening to my news broadcast. I plan to have a clock that countdowns just like the one above, and footage of me reporting, and using camera equipment just like this one has. I think this will really help make my broadcast seem professional and give the news broadcast substance

One of the most important parts of this countdown is the music. It keeps opening sequence upbeat and makes this news station look very important and trustworthy and also to me symbolises the ever-changing fast pace of the news unfolding across the world. One of the main parts of the audio is made up of something called 'Pips' - you commonly hear this in all the formats BBC News takes such as on BBC Radio 2 & 4 when they play 5 pips to countdown to the hourly news. As I have gained quite a lot of confidence using Logic Pro X - I plan to create a news theme soundtrack for my opening sequence similar to BBC News. One of the things that I knew was important in the BBC News soundtrack was its upbeat tempo - as this to me symbolises the fast pace and important nature of news and how stories are constantly developing.

As News is about current affairs I can obtain some stock footage of famous cities and landmarks  from around the world like New York, Tokyo, London and Paris. I will also need to add a countdown clock onto my footage in Premiere Pro. Just like in the BBC News countdown, I will include videos of my reporting, and footage of cameras being set up and famous cities like New York and London. I also attended the anti-Brexit protests in London back in august and filmed a lot there so I can also use this footage (including MPs and demonstrations). Another common part of this opening sequence were the hyperlapes - which is something I will ensure I incorporate into mine.

The BBC has their own typeface called 'Reith' (BBC, 2019)  - again as my target audience is very similar to the audience BBC News attracts I want my typeface to look as close as possible to theirs. Although I can't use their typeface on Programmes such as Premiere Pro and Photoshop, when creating my opening sequence I will try and look for one very similar.

When creating my logo in Premiere Pro I found a font very close to the BBC's 'Reith font' - it was called 'Gill Sans MT'. This took a lot of trial and error to get the typeface correct - I had to keep comparing the different typefaces on Photoshop with the typeface to the BBC News typeface. In future I will ensure that I try and research alternative fonts online instead of using the trial and error method approach as this was very time consuming.

It was important that I had a catchy name for my news broadcast and that my name and logo was similar to the BBC News Logo. I decided that a great name for my news network would be 'UKB NEWS'. 'UKB' stands for UK Broadcasting- which is very relevant as my target audience is people in the UK. I created this in Photoshop.

For this logo I mostly used the 'rectangular marquee tool' - as you can see this logo features many different rectangles.

I also used the paint bucket tool to fill these rectangles.

Tony also taught me how to make minor adjustments to the letters - this is called kerning and includes adjustments such as increasing the spacing between letters which I did to make my logo more like 'BBC News Logo'.

Here you can see the kerning options on Photoshop. And also other options such as text colour, font and type size - all important features that I used. For example I used a font very similar to BBC News' 'Reith' font and used a font called Gill Sans MT' - this was the closest font I could find to the real thing.

Audience Theories   (Smith, 2019)

Its important that I understand these theories and apply some of them to my target audience - so I can understand my target audience better.

• Hyperdemic needle theory: Essentially this is when messages and ideas are injected into the veins of the media audiences. It is a linear communication theory that says the audience is passive and that there is no individual difference. Essentially the audience beliefs everything they hear in the media and don't question it. The messages taken in by the audience could be sexism and racism for example.
• Two-step flow theory: This theory is made up of two steps. Firstly the opinion leader gets information from a media source. Secondly the opinion leaders then pass their own interoperation along to other people such as family and friends - these people are influenced. Its important to note that the opinion leaders watch the media very closely and the messages they are putting across. These opinion leaders are influential among their peer groups and are usually more informed then their friends or family. The people that are influenced are not as well informed therefore they look up to the opinion leaders and importantly trust their opinion and interpretation of the media. An example of an opinion leader is a political leader - these are very influential people and many people look up to them.
• Reception theory: The theorist Stuart Hall (who developed this theory) looked at how people make sense of media and texts and said audiences were active not passive. An active audience will engage interpret and respond to a media text in different ways. This could be because of factors such as their gender, race, age and mood at their time of viewing the media text. These active audiences members is capable of challenging the ideas that are coded within the media text. On the other hand a passive audience is more likely to accept the messages encoded in a media text compared to an active audience and are less likely to challenge the messages. This audience is more likely to be directly affected by the messages.
• Stuart hall theory suggested there are three main responses an audience may have to a media text. There is the preferred reading - this how the creator of the media text wants you to understand the idea. The oppositional reading is the opposite to what the creator of the media text wants you to understand the idea. The negotiated reading is when the audience understands the preferred reading but decides to oppose it.
• Uses and gratification theory: The uses and gratifications theory suggests that an audience can respond to different media texts due to different reasons. These include entertainment and diversion. Essentially audiences consume media texts to escape their daily lifes e.g. fantasty films like Lord of the Rings. Information and education - audiences consume these media texts to become informed and educated about certain topics e.g. documentary. Social interaction - this can provoke interaction with the audience e.g. social media can spark a reaction to an event that is currently happening. Personal identity - some audiences will consume these media texts to compare their life experiences with those represented in the media text. Audiences can identify with certain characters and empathise with them for example if they are going through a tough time. A great example of this is in a Soap Opera like Eastenders.
• Cultivation theory:  This theory essentially means that repeated viewing of a media text over time can subtly cultivate viewer's reception of reality. It can also start to influence their views, beliefs, attitudes and values - it can contribute and change the way people perceive social reality. 
• Desensitisation theory: Essentially this theory means that repeated exposure of a media text like a horror movie for example changes the audiences reaction. For example if their is violence in a horror movie, if someone is repeatedly exposed to this violence in movies the effect of this violence will be less shocking over time. The audience has become desensitised to the violence.

Bibliography 

Content:

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BBC News. (2018). Where are the richest households in the UK?. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-44237180 [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].

Bakar, F. (2018). Are poor people less likely to have a successful marriage? | Metro News. [online] Metro.co.uk. Available at: https://metro.co.uk/2018/01/07/are-poor-people-less-likely-to-have-a-successful-marriage-7204283/ [Accessed 24 Sep. 2019].

Triggle, N. (2019). Too many 'hooked' on prescription drugs. [online] BBC News. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-49639914 [Accessed 16 Sep. 2019].

Opening sequence:

BBC NEWS (2009). BBC NEWS intro. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-10C9n74J0 

[Accessed 23 Sep. 2019].

BBC. (2019). TV news graphics: a new look. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/aboutthebbc/entries/4df3e9ba-bdf7-48dc-8c9e-0c4256cce7f6 [Accessed 23 Sep. 2019].

Lingen, I. (2014). intro breaking news. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfaITehDRdA [Accessed 23 Sep. 2019].

Sky News (2019). Sky News Logo. [image] Available at: https://www.skymedia.co.uk/news/sky-news-unveils-new-daytime-line-up-with-brand-new-programming-and-on-air-talent/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2019].

Delicious Digital (2016). ITV News / ITN - On Assignment. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aOsdpeWJ44 [Accessed 23 Sep. 2019].

IdentArchive (2012). BBC News: 60-second Countdown. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR3dI4bAbMo [Accessed 23 Sep. 2019].

Audience Theories:

Smith, J. (2019). Audience Theories.